1. struct snd_card
1.1. snd_card是什麼
snd_card可以說是整個ALSA音訊驅動最頂層的一個結構,整個音效卡的軟體邏輯結構開始於該結構,幾乎所有與聲音相關的邏輯裝置都是在 snd_card的管理之下,音效卡驅動的第一個動作通常就是建立一個snd_card結構體。正因為如此,本節中,我們也從 struct cnd_card開始吧。
1.2. snd_card的定義
snd_card的定義位於改標頭檔中:include/sound/core.h
- /* main structure for soundcard */
- struct snd_card {
- int number; /* number of soundcard (index to
- snd_cards) */
- char id[16]; /* id string of this card */
- char driver[16]; /* driver name */
- char shortname[32]; /* short name of this soundcard */
- char longname[80]; /* name of this soundcard */
- char mixername[80]; /* mixer name */
- char components[128]; /* card components delimited with
- space */
- struct module *module; /* top-level module */
- void *private_data; /* private data for soundcard */
- void (*private_free) (struct snd_card *card); /* callback for freeing of
- private data */
- struct list_head devices; /* devices */
- unsigned int last_numid; /* last used numeric ID */
- struct rw_semaphore controls_rwsem; /* controls list lock */
- rwlock_t ctl_files_rwlock; /* ctl_files list lock */
- int controls_count; /* count of all controls */
- int user_ctl_count; /* count of all user controls */
- struct list_head controls; /* all controls for this card */
- struct list_head ctl_files; /* active control files */
- struct snd_info_entry *proc_root; /* root for soundcard specific files */
- struct snd_info_entry *proc_id; /* the card id */
- struct proc_dir_entry *proc_root_link; /* number link to real id */
- struct list_head files_list; /* all files associated to this card */
- struct snd_shutdown_f_ops *s_f_ops; /* file operations in the shutdown
- state */
- spinlock_t files_lock; /* lock the files for this card */
- int shutdown; /* this card is going down */
- int free_on_last_close; /* free in context of file_release */
- wait_queue_head_t shutdown_sleep;
- struct device *dev; /* device assigned to this card */
- #ifndef CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED
- struct device *card_dev; /* cardX object for sysfs */
- #endif
- #ifdef CONFIG_PM
- unsigned int power_state; /* power state */
- struct mutex power_lock; /* power lock */
- wait_queue_head_t power_sleep;
- #endif
- #if defined(CONFIG_SND_MIXER_OSS) || defined(CONFIG_SND_MIXER_OSS_MODULE)
- struct snd_mixer_oss *mixer_oss;
- int mixer_oss_change_count;
- #endif
- };
- struct list_head devices 記錄該音效卡下所有邏輯裝置的鏈表
- struct list_head controls 記錄該音效卡下所有的控制單元的鏈表
- void *private_data 音效卡的私有資料,可以在建立音效卡時通過參數指定資料的大小
2. 音效卡的建立流程
2.1.1. 第一步,建立snd_card的一個實例
- struct snd_card *card;
- int err;
- ....
- err = snd_card_create(index, id, THIS_MODULE, 0, &card);
- index 一個整數值,該音效卡的編號
- id 字串,音效卡的識別字
- 第四個參數 該參數決定在建立snd_card實例時,需要同時額外分配的私有資料的大小,該資料的指標最終會賦值給snd_card的private_data資料成員
- card 返回所建立的snd_card實例的指標
2.1.2. 第二步,建立音效卡的晶片專用資料
音效卡的專用資料主要用於存放該音效卡的一些資源資訊,例如中斷資源、io資源、dma資源等。可以有兩種建立方法:
- 通過上一步中snd_card_create()中的第四個參數,讓snd_card_create自己建立
- // struct mychip 用於保存專用資料
- err = snd_card_create(index, id, THIS_MODULE,
- sizeof(struct mychip), &card);
- // 從private_data中取出
- struct mychip *chip = card->private_data;
- 自己建立:
- struct mychip {
- struct snd_card *card;
- ....
- };
- struct snd_card *card;
- struct mychip *chip;
- chip = kzalloc(sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL);
- ......
- err = snd_card_create(index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, 0, &card);
- // 專用資料記錄snd_card實例
- chip->card = card;
- .....
然後,把晶片的專有資料註冊為音效卡的一個低階設備:
- static int snd_mychip_dev_free(struct snd_device *device)
- {
- return snd_mychip_free(device->device_data);
- }
- static struct snd_device_ops ops = {
- .dev_free = snd_mychip_dev_free,
- };
- ....
- snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL, chip, &ops);
註冊為低階設備主要是為了當音效卡被登出時,晶片專用資料所佔用的記憶體可以被自動地釋放。
2.1.3. 第三步,設置Driver的ID和名字
- strcpy(card->driver, "My Chip");
- strcpy(card->shortname, "My Own Chip 123");
- sprintf(card->longname, "%s at 0x%lx irq %i",
- card->shortname, chip->ioport, chip->irq);
snd_card的driver欄位保存著晶片的ID字串,user空間的alsa-lib會使用到該字串,所以必須要保證該ID的唯一性。shortname欄位更多地用於列印資訊,longname欄位則會出現在/proc/asound/cards中。
2.1.4. 第四步,建立音效卡的功能部件(邏輯裝置),例如PCM,Mixer,MIDI等
這時候可以建立音效卡的各種功能部件了,還記得開頭的snd_card結構體的devices欄位嗎?每一種部件的建立最終會調用snd_device_new()來生成一個snd_device實例,並把該實例連結到snd_card的devices鏈表中。
通常,alsa-driver的已經提供了一些常用的部件的建立函數,而不必直接調用snd_device_new(),比如:
PCM ---- snd_pcm_new()
RAWMIDI -- snd_rawmidi_new()
CONTROL -- snd_ctl_create()
TIMER -- snd_timer_new()
INFO -- snd_card_proc_new()
JACK -- snd_jack_new()
2.1.5. 第五步,註冊音效卡
- err = snd_card_register(card);
- if (err < 0) {
- snd_card_free(card);
- return err;
- }
2.2. 一個實際的例子
我把/sound/arm/pxa2xx-ac97.c的部分程式碼貼上來:
- static int __devinit pxa2xx_ac97_probe(struct platform_device *dev)
- {
- struct snd_card *card;
- struct snd_ac97_bus *ac97_bus;
- struct snd_ac97_template ac97_template;
- int ret;
- pxa2xx_audio_ops_t *pdata = dev->dev.platform_data;
- if (dev->id >= 0) {
- dev_err(&dev->dev, "PXA2xx has only one AC97 port./n");
- ret = -ENXIO;
- goto err_dev;
- }
- ////(1)////
- ret = snd_card_create(SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX1, SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR1,
- THIS_MODULE, 0, &card);
- if (ret < 0)
- goto err;
- card->dev = &dev->dev;
- ////(3)////
- strncpy(card->driver, dev->dev.driver->name, sizeof(card->driver));
- ////(4)////
- ret = pxa2xx_pcm_new(card, &pxa2xx_ac97_pcm_client, &pxa2xx_ac97_pcm);
- if (ret)
- goto err;
- ////(2)////
- ret = pxa2xx_ac97_hw_probe(dev);
- if (ret)
- goto err;
- ////(4)////
- ret = snd_ac97_bus(card, 0, &pxa2xx_ac97_ops, NULL, &ac97_bus);
- if (ret)
- goto err_remove;
- memset(&ac97_template, 0, sizeof(ac97_template));
- ret = snd_ac97_mixer(ac97_bus, &ac97_template, &pxa2xx_ac97_ac97);
- if (ret)
- goto err_remove;
- ////(3)////
- snprintf(card->shortname, sizeof(card->shortname),
- "%s", snd_ac97_get_short_name(pxa2xx_ac97_ac97));
- snprintf(card->longname, sizeof(card->longname),
- "%s (%s)", dev->dev.driver->name, card->mixername);
- if (pdata && pdata->codec_pdata[0])
- snd_ac97_dev_add_pdata(ac97_bus->codec[0], pdata->codec_pdata[0]);
- snd_card_set_dev(card, &dev->dev);
- ////(5)////
- ret = snd_card_register(card);
- if (ret == 0) {
- platform_set_drvdata(dev, card);
- return 0;
- }
- err_remove:
- pxa2xx_ac97_hw_remove(dev);
- err:
- if (card)
- snd_card_free(card);
- err_dev:
- return ret;
- }
- static int __devexit pxa2xx_ac97_remove(struct platform_device *dev)
- {
- struct snd_card *card = platform_get_drvdata(dev);
- if (card) {
- snd_card_free(card);
- platform_set_drvdata(dev, NULL);
- pxa2xx_ac97_hw_remove(dev);
- }
- return 0;
- }
- static struct platform_driver pxa2xx_ac97_driver = {
- .probe = pxa2xx_ac97_probe,
- .remove = __devexit_p(pxa2xx_ac97_remove),
- .driver = {
- .name = "pxa2xx-ac97",
- .owner = THIS_MODULE,
- #ifdef CONFIG_PM
- .pm = &pxa2xx_ac97_pm_ops,
- #endif
- },
- };
- static int __init pxa2xx_ac97_init(void)
- {
- return platform_driver_register(&pxa2xx_ac97_driver);
- }
- static void __exit pxa2xx_ac97_exit(void)
- {
- platform_driver_unregister(&pxa2xx_ac97_driver);
- }
- module_init(pxa2xx_ac97_init);
- module_exit(pxa2xx_ac97_exit);
- MODULE_AUTHOR("Nicolas Pitre");
- MODULE_DESCRIPTION("AC97 driver for the Intel PXA2xx chip");
驅動程式通常由probe回呼函數開始,對一下2.1中的步驟,是否有相似之處?
經過以上的建立步驟之後,音效卡的邏輯結構如下圖所示:
圖 2.2.1 音效卡的軟體邏輯結構
下面的章節裡我們分別討論一下snd_card_create()和snd_card_register()這兩個函數。
3. snd_card_create()
snd_card_create()在/sound/core/init.c中定義。
- /**
- * snd_card_create - create and initialize a soundcard structure
- * @idx: card index (address) [0 ... (SNDRV_CARDS-1)]
- * @xid: card identification (ASCII string)
- * @module: top level module for locking
- * @extra_size: allocate this extra size after the main soundcard structure
- * @card_ret: the pointer to store the created card instance
- *
- * Creates and initializes a soundcard structure.
- *
- * The function allocates snd_card instance via kzalloc with the given
- * space for the driver to use freely. The allocated struct is stored
- * in the given card_ret pointer.
- *
- * Returns zero if successful or a negative error code.
- */
- int snd_card_create(int idx, const char *xid,
- struct module *module, int extra_size,
- struct snd_card **card_ret)
首先,根據extra_size參數的大小分配記憶體,該記憶體區可以作為晶片的專有資料使用(見前面的介紹):
- card = kzalloc(sizeof(*card) + extra_size, GFP_KERNEL);
- if (!card)
- return -ENOMEM;
拷貝音效卡的ID字串:
- if (xid)
- strlcpy(card->id, xid, sizeof(card->id));
如果傳入的音效卡編號為-1,自動分配一個索引編號:
- if (idx < 0) {
- for (idx2 = 0; idx2 < SNDRV_CARDS; idx2++)
- /* idx == -1 == 0xffff means: take any free slot */
- if (~snd_cards_lock & idx & 1<<idx2) {
- if (module_slot_match(module, idx2)) {
- idx = idx2;
- break;
- }
- }
- }
- if (idx < 0) {
- for (idx2 = 0; idx2 < SNDRV_CARDS; idx2++)
- /* idx == -1 == 0xffff means: take any free slot */
- if (~snd_cards_lock & idx & 1<<idx2) {
- if (!slots[idx2] || !*slots[idx2]) {
- idx = idx2;
- break;
- }
- }
- }
初始化snd_card結構中必要的欄位:
- card->number = idx;
- card->module = module;
- INIT_LIST_HEAD(&card->devices);
- init_rwsem(&card->controls_rwsem);
- rwlock_init(&card->ctl_files_rwlock);
- INIT_LIST_HEAD(&card->controls);
- INIT_LIST_HEAD(&card->ctl_files);
- spin_lock_init(&card->files_lock);
- INIT_LIST_HEAD(&card->files_list);
- init_waitqueue_head(&card->shutdown_sleep);
- #ifdef CONFIG_PM
- mutex_init(&card->power_lock);
- init_waitqueue_head(&card->power_sleep);
- #endif
建立邏輯裝置:Control
- /* the control interface cannot be accessed from the user space until */
- /* snd_cards_bitmask and snd_cards are set with snd_card_register */
- err = snd_ctl_create(card);
建立proc文件中的info節點:通常就是/proc/asound/card0
- err = snd_info_card_create(card);
把第一步分配的記憶體指標放入private_data欄位中:
- if (extra_size > 0)
- card->private_data = (char *)card + sizeof(struct snd_card);
4. snd_card_register()
snd_card_create()在/sound/core/init.c中定義。
- /**
- * snd_card_register - register the soundcard
- * @card: soundcard structure
- *
- * This function registers all the devices assigned to the soundcard.
- * Until calling this, the ALSA control interface is blocked from the
- * external accesses. Thus, you should call this function at the end
- * of the initialization of the card.
- *
- * Returns zero otherwise a negative error code if the registrain failed.
- */
- int snd_card_register(struct snd_card *card)
首先,建立sysfs下的設備:
- if (!card->card_dev) {
- card->card_dev = device_create(sound_class, card->dev,
- MKDEV(0, 0), card,
- "card%i", card->number);
- if (IS_ERR(card->card_dev))
- card->card_dev = NULL;
- }
其中,sound_class是在/sound/sound_core.c中建立的:
- static char *sound_devnode(struct device *dev, mode_t *mode)
- {
- if (MAJOR(dev->devt) == SOUND_MAJOR)
- return NULL;
- return kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "snd/%s", dev_name(dev));
- }
- static int __init init_soundcore(void)
- {
- int rc;
- rc = init_oss_soundcore();
- if (rc)
- return rc;
- sound_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "sound");
- if (IS_ERR(sound_class)) {
- cleanup_oss_soundcore();
- return PTR_ERR(sound_class);
- }
- sound_class->devnode = sound_devnode;
- return 0;
- }
由此可見,音效卡的class將會出現在檔案系統的/sys/class/sound/下面,並且,sound_devnode()也決定了相應的設備節點也將會出現在/dev/snd/下面。
接下來的步驟,通過snd_device_register_all()註冊所有掛在該音效卡下的邏輯設 備,snd_device_register_all()實際上是通過snd_card的devices鏈表,遍歷所有的snd_device,並且調用 snd_device的ops->dev_register()來實現各自設備的註冊的。
- if ((err = snd_device_register_all(card)) < 0)
- return err;
最後就是建立一些相應的proc和sysfs下的檔或屬性節點,程式碼就不貼了。
至此,整個音效卡完成了建立過程。
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原文出處
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